Stem Cells Injected into the Brain of a Stroke Patient in World First

Researchers hope the brain stem cells will stimulate the growth of new neurons and reduce inflammation caused by the stroke

 

Photograph: Bbs United/Getty Images

 

The stem cells will release chemicals that may help heal brain damage resulting from the stroke. Doctors have injected stem cells into a man's brain as part of the world's first clinical trial of the cells in stroke patients.

The former truck driver, who is in his 60s, was severely disabled by a stroke 18 months ago and requires continuous care from his wife.

Doctors injected around two million cells into a healthy region of his brain called the putamen, close to where neurons were damaged by the stroke. They hope the injected cells will release chemicals that stimulate new brain cells and blood vessels to grow, while healing scar tissue and reducing inflammation.

The team, led by Professor Keith Muir at the University of Glasgow's Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, expect to treat 11 more male patients aged between 60 and 85 in the trial, using progressively higher doses of five million, 10m and 20m cells.

The injections are being given to patients who have suffered ischaemic stroke, the most common type, caused by a blocked blood vessel in the brain. The operation requires a general anaesthetic and patients will be monitored for two years to see whether the procedure is safe and has any beneficial effect on their quality of life.

John Sinden, chief scientific officer at ReNeuron, the Surrey-based company that developed the cells, said of the first patient to receive the experimental injection: "He is really looking for some level of independence."

Animal studies suggest the cells are safe and effective at healing brain injuries. "We see regrowth of blood vessels, the generation of new neurons, a reduction in scarring and inflammation in the brain," said Sinden. "There are a range of things that happen that are best described as the brain to some extent healing itself."

One concern over stem cell therapies has been whether they might cause cancer, but Sinden said the cells used in the latest trial appear not to form tumours. They are derived from brain cells taken from a 12-week-old fetus in the US. At this stage of their development, the cells are committed to becoming brain cells.

The trial, known as the Pilot Investigation of Stem Cells in Stroke (PISCES), is primarily aimed at judging the safety of the stem cell injections, but doctors will use brain imaging and video recordings of the patients walking to assess whether the therapy helps them to recover from stroke.

The PISCES study is not the first to inject stem cells into patients' brains. In 2006, doctors in Oregon transplanted fetal stem cells into the brains of children with an incurable and fatal disorder called Batten disease. The phase one trial found that the treatment was safe.

Anthony Hollander, professor of rheumatology and tissue engineering at Bristol University, said: "Successful stem cell therapies will come from painstaking research and carefully planned clinical trials. This stroke trial is based on good research and careful planning. It's far too early to know if the treatment will be successful, but the very fact that the trial is now under way is a milestone for UK stem cell research."

Psychologist

Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. The discipline embraces all aspects of the human experience — from the functions of the brain to the actions of nations, from child development to care for the aged. In every conceivable setting from scientific research centers to mental health care services, the understanding of behavior is the enterprise of psychologists.

Psychologists traditionally treat patients with mental and emotional problems, but they also serve as scientists researching the phenomenon of human (and non-human) behavior. They study how human beings relate not only to each other but also to machines, and they work to improve these relationships. In particular, they concentrate on behaviors that affect the mental and emotional health and mental functioning of healthy human beings.

In their research, psychologists follow scientific methods, using careful observation, experimentation, and analysis. They develop theories of human behavior and test them through their research. As this research yields new information, psychologists’ findings become part of the body of knowledge that practitioners call upon in their work with clients and patients.

Psychology is a tremendously varied field. Psychologists conduct both basic and applied research, serve as consultants to communities and organizations, diagnose and treat people, test intelligence and personality, and teach future psychologists and other types of students. With the rapidly increasing diversity of the U.S. population, psychologists bring important knowledge and skills to understanding different cultures.

There are many different careers within this profession. For example, psychologists work with business executives, performers, and athletes to reduce stress and improve performance. They advise lawyers on jury selection and collaborate with educators on school reform. Immediately following a disaster, such as a plane crash or bombing, psychologists help victims and bystanders recover from the trauma, or shock, of the event. They team with law enforcement and public health officials to analyze the causes of such events and prevent their occurrence.

Working Conditions

Many psychologists work independently. They also team up with other professionals—for example, other scientists, physicians, lawyers, school personnel, computer experts, engineers, policymakers, and managers—to contribute to every area of society. Thus we find them in laboratories, hospitals, courtrooms, schools and universities, community health centers, prisons, and corporate offices.

Reprinted courtesy of ExploreHealthCareers.org, funded in part by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation of Princeton, NJ, and administered by the American Dental Education Association, 1400 K Street, NW, Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20005. www.adea.org, 202-289-7201.